Java Base64加密、解密原理Java代码

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Base64是什么：

Base64是网络上最常见的用于传输8Bit字节代码的编码方式之一，大家可以查看RFC2045～RFC2049，上面有MIME的详细规范。Base64编码可用于在HTTP环境下传递较长的标识信息。例如，在Java Persistence系统Hibernate中，就采用了Base64来将一个较长的唯一标识符（一般为128-bit的UUID）编码为一个字符串，用作HTTP表单和HTTP GET URL中的参数。在其他应用程序中，也常常需要把二进制数据编码为适合放在URL（包括隐藏表单域）中的形式。此时，采用Base64编码不仅比较简短，同时也具有不可读性，即所编码的数据不会被人用肉眼所直接看到

简介

　　标准的Base64并不适合直接放在URL里传输，因为URL编码器会把标准Base64中的“/”和“+”字符变为形如“%XX”的形式，而这些“%”号在存入数据库时还需要再进行转换，因为ANSI SQL中已将“%”号用作通配符。

　　为解决此问题，可采用一种用于URL的改进Base64编码，它不在末尾填充'='号，并将标准Base64中的“+”和“/”分别改成了“*”和“-”，这样就免去了在URL编解码和数据库存储时所要作的转换，避免了编码信息长度在此过程中的增加，并统一了数据库、表单等处对象标识符的格式。

　　另有一种用于正则表达式的改进Base64变种，它将“+”和“/”改成了“!”和“-”，因为“+”,“*”以及前面在IRCu中用到的“[”和“]”在正则表达式中都可能具有特殊含义。

　　此外还有一些变种，它们将“+/”改为“_-”或“._”（用作编程语言中的标识符名称）或“.-”（用于XML中的Nmtoken）甚至“_:”（用于XML中的Name）。

　　Base64要求把每三个8Bit的字节转换为四个6Bit的字节（3*8 = 4*6 = 24），然后把6Bit再添两位高位0，组成四个8Bit的字节，也就是说，转换后的字符串理论上将要比原来的长1/3。

规则

　　关于这个编码的规则：

　　①.把3个字符变成4个字符..

　　②每76个字符加一个换行符..

　　③.最后的结束符也要处理..

　　这样说会不会太抽象了？不怕，我们来看一个例子：

　　转换前 aaaaaabb ccccdddd eeffffff

　　转换后 00aaaaaa 00bbcccc 00ddddee 00ffffff

　　应该很清楚了吧？上面的三个字节是原文，下面的四个字节是转换后的Base64编码，其前两位均为0。

　　转换后，我们用一个码表来得到我们想要的字符串（也就是最终的Base64编码），这个表是这样的：（摘自RFC2045）

java代码示例：

 

public final class Base64 {

    static private final int BASELENGTH = 255;
    static private final int LOOKUPLENGTH = 64;
    static private final int TWENTYFOURBITGROUP = 24;
    static private final int EIGHTBIT = 8;
    static private final int SIXTEENBIT = 16;
    static private final int SIXBIT = 6;
    static private final int FOURBYTE = 4;
    static private final int SIGN = -128;
    static private final char PAD = '=';
    static private final boolean fDebug = false;
    static final private byte[] base64Alphabet = new byte[BASELENGTH];
    static final private char[] lookUpBase64Alphabet = new char[LOOKUPLENGTH];

    static {

        for (int i = 0; i < BASELENGTH; i++) {
            base64Alphabet[i] = -1;
        }
        for (int i = 'Z'; i >= 'A'; i--) {
            base64Alphabet[i] = (byte) (i - 'A');
        }
        for (int i = 'z'; i >= 'a'; i--) {
            base64Alphabet[i] = (byte) (i - 'a' + 26);
        }

        for (int i = '9'; i >= '0'; i--) {
            base64Alphabet[i] = (byte) (i - '0' + 52);
        }

        base64Alphabet['+'] = 62;
        base64Alphabet['/'] = 63;

        for (int i = 0; i <= 25; i++)
            lookUpBase64Alphabet[i] = (char) ('A' + i);

        for (int i = 26, j = 0; i <= 51; i++, j++)
            lookUpBase64Alphabet[i] = (char) ('a' + j);

        for (int i = 52, j = 0; i <= 61; i++, j++)
            lookUpBase64Alphabet[i] = (char) ('0' + j);
        lookUpBase64Alphabet[62] = (char) '+';
        lookUpBase64Alphabet[63] = (char) '/';

    }

    protected static boolean isWhiteSpace(char octect) {
        return (octect == 0x20 || octect == 0xd || octect == 0xa || octect == 0x9);
    }

    protected static boolean isPad(char octect) {
        return (octect == PAD);
    }

    protected static boolean isData(char octect) {
        return (base64Alphabet[octect] != -1);
    }

    protected static boolean isBase64(char octect) {
        return (isWhiteSpace(octect) || isPad(octect) || isData(octect));
    }

    /**
     * Encodes hex octects into Base64
     *
     * @param binaryData
     *            Array containing binaryData
     * @return Encoded Base64 array
     */
    public static String encode(byte[] binaryData) {

        if (binaryData == null)
            return null;

        int lengthDataBits = binaryData.length * EIGHTBIT;
        if (lengthDataBits == 0) {
            return "";
        }

        int fewerThan24bits = lengthDataBits % TWENTYFOURBITGROUP;
        int numberTriplets = lengthDataBits / TWENTYFOURBITGROUP;
        int numberQuartet = fewerThan24bits != 0 ? numberTriplets + 1
                : numberTriplets;
        int numberLines = (numberQuartet - 1) / 19 + 1;
        char encodedData[] = null;

        encodedData = new char[numberQuartet * 4 + numberLines];

        byte k = 0, l = 0, b1 = 0, b2 = 0, b3 = 0;

        int encodedIndex = 0;
        int dataIndex = 0;
        int i = 0;
        if (fDebug) {
            System.out.println("number of triplets = " + numberTriplets);
        }

        for (int line = 0; line < numberLines - 1; line++) {
            for (int quartet = 0; quartet < 19; quartet++) {
                b1 = binaryData[dataIndex++];
                b2 = binaryData[dataIndex++];
                b3 = binaryData[dataIndex++];

                if (fDebug) {
                    System.out.println("b1= " + b1 + ", b2= " + b2 + ", b3= "
                            + b3);
                }

                l = (byte) (b2 & 0x0f);
                k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03);

                byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2)
                        : (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0);

                byte val2 = ((b2 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b2 >> 4)
                        : (byte) ((b2) >> 4 ^ 0xf0);
                byte val3 = ((b3 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b3 >> 6)
                        : (byte) ((b3) >> 6 ^ 0xfc);

                if (fDebug) {
                    System.out.println("val2 = " + val2);
                    System.out.println("k4 = " + (k << 4));
                    System.out.println("vak = " + (val2 | (k << 4)));
                }

                encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1];
                encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val2
                        | (k << 4)];
                encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[(l << 2)
                        | val3];
                encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[b3 & 0x3f];

                i++;
            }
            encodedData[encodedIndex++] = 0xa;
        }

        for (; i < numberTriplets; i++) {
            b1 = binaryData[dataIndex++];
            b2 = binaryData[dataIndex++];
            b3 = binaryData[dataIndex++];

            if (fDebug) {
                System.out.println("b1= " + b1 + ", b2= " + b2 + ", b3= " + b3);
            }

            l = (byte) (b2 & 0x0f);
            k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03);

            byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2)
                    : (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0);

            byte val2 = ((b2 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b2 >> 4)
                    : (byte) ((b2) >> 4 ^ 0xf0);
            byte val3 = ((b3 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b3 >> 6)
                    : (byte) ((b3) >> 6 ^ 0xfc);

            if (fDebug) {
                System.out.println("val2 = " + val2);
                System.out.println("k4 = " + (k << 4));
                System.out.println("vak = " + (val2 | (k << 4)));
            }

            encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1];
            encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val2 | (k << 4)];
            encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[(l << 2) | val3];
            encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[b3 & 0x3f];
        }

        // form integral number of 6-bit groups
        if (fewerThan24bits == EIGHTBIT) {
            b1 = binaryData[dataIndex];
            k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03);
            if (fDebug) {
                System.out.println("b1=" + b1);
                System.out.println("b1<<2 = " + (b1 >> 2));
            }
            byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2)
                    : (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0);
            encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1];
            encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[k << 4];
            encodedData[encodedIndex++] = PAD;
            encodedData[encodedIndex++] = PAD;
        } else if (fewerThan24bits == SIXTEENBIT) {
            b1 = binaryData[dataIndex];
            b2 = binaryData[dataIndex + 1];
            l = (byte) (b2 & 0x0f);
            k = (byte) (b1 & 0x03);

            byte val1 = ((b1 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b1 >> 2)
                    : (byte) ((b1) >> 2 ^ 0xc0);
            byte val2 = ((b2 & SIGN) == 0) ? (byte) (b2 >> 4)
                    : (byte) ((b2) >> 4 ^ 0xf0);

            encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val1];
            encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[val2 | (k << 4)];
            encodedData[encodedIndex++] = lookUpBase64Alphabet[l << 2];
            encodedData[encodedIndex++] = PAD;
        }

        encodedData[encodedIndex] = 0xa;

        return new String(encodedData);
    }

    /**
     * Decodes Base64 data into octects
     *
     * @param binaryData
     *            Byte array containing Base64 data
     * @return Array containind decoded data.
     */
    public static byte[] decode(String encoded) {

        if (encoded == null)
            return null;

        char[] base64Data = encoded.toCharArray();
        // remove white spaces
        int len = removeWhiteSpace(base64Data);

        if (len % FOURBYTE != 0) {
            return null;// should be divisible by four
        }

        int numberQuadruple = (len / FOURBYTE);

        if (numberQuadruple == 0)
            return new byte[0];

        byte decodedData[] = null;
        byte b1 = 0, b2 = 0, b3 = 0, b4 = 0, marker0 = 0, marker1 = 0;
        char d1 = 0, d2 = 0, d3 = 0, d4 = 0;

        int i = 0;
        int encodedIndex = 0;
        int dataIndex = 0;
        decodedData = new byte[(numberQuadruple) * 3];

        for (; i < numberQuadruple - 1; i++) {

            if (!isData((d1 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))
                    || !isData((d2 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))
                    || !isData((d3 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))
                    || !isData((d4 = base64Data[dataIndex++])))
                return null;// if found "no data" just return null

            b1 = base64Alphabet[d1];
            b2 = base64Alphabet[d2];
            b3 = base64Alphabet[d3];
            b4 = base64Alphabet[d4];

            decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4);
            decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (((b2 & 0xf) << 4) | ((b3 >> 2) & 0xf));
            decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b3 << 6 | b4);
        }

        if (!isData((d1 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))
                || !isData((d2 = base64Data[dataIndex++]))) {
            return null;// if found "no data" just return null
        }

        b1 = base64Alphabet[d1];
        b2 = base64Alphabet[d2];

        d3 = base64Data[dataIndex++];
        d4 = base64Data[dataIndex++];
        if (!isData((d3)) || !isData((d4))) {         // Check if they are PAD characters
            if (isPad(d3) && isPad(d4)) { // Two PAD e.g. 3c[Pad][Pad]
                if ((b2 & 0xf) != 0)// last 4 bits should be zero
                    return null;
                byte[] tmp = new byte[i * 3 + 1];
                System.arraycopy(decodedData, 0, tmp, 0, i * 3);
                tmp[encodedIndex] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4);
                return tmp;
            } else if (!isPad(d3) && isPad(d4)) { // One PAD e.g. 3cQ[Pad]
                b3 = base64Alphabet[d3];
                if ((b3 & 0x3) != 0)// last 2 bits should be zero
                    return null;
                byte[] tmp = new byte[i * 3 + 2];
                System.arraycopy(decodedData, 0, tmp, 0, i * 3);
                tmp[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4);
                tmp[encodedIndex] = (byte) (((b2 & 0xf) << 4) | ((b3 >> 2) & 0xf));
                return tmp;
            } else {
                return null;// an error like "3c[Pad]r", "3cdX", "3cXd", "3cXX"
                            // where X is non data
            }
        } else { // No PAD e.g 3cQl
            b3 = base64Alphabet[d3];
            b4 = base64Alphabet[d4];
            decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b1 << 2 | b2 >> 4);
            decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (((b2 & 0xf) << 4) | ((b3 >> 2) & 0xf));
            decodedData[encodedIndex++] = (byte) (b3 << 6 | b4);

        }

        return decodedData;
    }

    /**
     * remove WhiteSpace from MIME containing encoded Base64 data.
     *
     * @param data
     *            the byte array of base64 data (with WS)
     * @return the new length
     */
    protected static int removeWhiteSpace(char[] data) {
        if (data == null)
            return 0;

        // count characters that's not whitespace
        int newSize = 0;
        int len = data.length;
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            if (!isWhiteSpace(data[i]))
                data[newSize++] = data[i];
        }
        return newSize;
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(encode("中华人民共和国".getBytes()));
    }
}